A Book Review on “The Wisdom of Confucius”

† When you see a good man, try to emulate his example, and when you see a bad man, search yourself for his faults. † That quote is one of the many morals stated by the ancient Chinese philosopher, Confucius, which we still live by today. The Wisdom of Confucius, edited and translated by Lin Yutang, takes the best things said and said about Confucius and put them into one three hundred page book. It follows his life, from his lowly birth in the small town of Tsou, to his death as one of the world†s greatest philosophers. The book also shows his ideas and beliefs on such subjects as education, politics, and music, subjects still evident in modern day society. The book is mainly comprised of sections and chapters taken from ancient Chinese literature and translated into English by Yutang. He has also added his own commentary and a very lengthy introduction. Some of the books that Yutang used were: The Analects, written by one of Confucius† disciples Mencius, Spring and Autumn, written by Confucius himself, and The Book of Songs, which includes over three hundred Chinese songs and anthems edited by Confucius. Confucius was born in the small town of Tsou, Lu in 551 BC. His real name was Ch†iu K†ung. Ch†iu literally meant â€Å"hill†, and he was named this because he was born with a large bump on his head. The name Confucius means â€Å"K†ung the master. † When he was a young boy, Confucius† father and mother died and were buried together at Fangshan, a town in eastern Lu. While he was still grieving a corrupt official told Confucius that the baron of his city was giving a banquet for all of the scholars and he as not invited. This upset Confucius greatly so he left Lu. On his deathbed , the baron of Lu, Li Meng, told his son, Yi Meng, that Confucius was the descendant of a great nobleman. He also told him that Confucius would grow up to be a great philosopher, and Confucius returned to his home country of Lu, and more and more disciples came to study under him. He never stayed in the same spot for a long time. He would travel from place to place in China for long periods of time. The books calls these times as â€Å"periods of wanderings. It was during these periods of wanderings that the books were written that recorded his sayings and teachings to his disciples. These books are what has made him one of the most famous philosophers. The book does not go into any detail about where he went or what he was doing during the periods of wanderings. It only talks about what was going on in China at that period of time. The rest of the book has Confucius opinions and sayings on certain subjects. It is mostly â€Å"Confucius said this, and Confucius said that. There were a lot of interesting uotes in this part of the book, but it was extremely hard to read without falling asleep. On the subject of education, Confucius said â€Å"Forever occupy your thoughts with education. † He is telling the reader that you should always think about learning something new. You should be open to learning something from anyone you meet, no matter how old or smart you think you are. He also said â€Å"Teaching is half learning. † This means that the person who is teaching is also learning from their students. When asked the question â€Å"What do you think of repaying evil with kindness? Confucius replied â€Å"Then what are you going to repay kindness with? Repay kindness with kindness, but repay evil with justice. † Confucius† main teaching subject was gentlemen like conduct. He believed the best way to live you life was being kind . I thought this book was very hard to read. The beginning was alright when it was talking about his life, but when it got to his quotes it got tiring to read the same thing over and over. It would be a good book to read if you wanted to find a quote to make yourself sound cool in conversation or to do a report on philosophy.

Creating a Living Newspaper

Reflection on Y, F, Z Living Newspaper Scene The idea of the â€Å"Living Newspaper† is an ingenious way in theatre to depict real life in an artistic way and amplify the feelings of the actual event. So, naturally when you assigned us to create our own â€Å"Living Newspaper† I was ecstatic to get started. The group I worked with and I decided to choose between finding a newspaper on a cult group or an exorcism, though I preferred the exorcist idea, we decided to go with cults because during our research we found it very fascinating that there were so many cases and different types of cults.During our research we found there were multiple different kinds of cults, some good, some bad, but most focused on the end of the world or the end of their world and how they would be able to spend eternity, and most usually had manipulative and violent leaders. One such case was the Y, F, Z Ranch where the leader Warren Jeff’s is accused of committing multiple accounts of i ncest and rape, though that was still not as interesting to us as the fact, that all the girls that belonged to this cult, were in a sense brainwashed.The fact that somebody or a group of people could be tricked into thinking that something so sinister was the way of a god was ludicrous. As a group we all wanted to add or own tweak the piece, my own personal contribution was the in the beginning of the scene I wanted there to be sheets in front of the actors playing the rap victims of the cult and you would see â€Å"Warren Jeff’s† shadow come up to each one and imitate the act of raping them. I wanted this to highlight the silent motif we played with.Though, of course in the time we had we had to be realistic with our scene so the sheets didn’t happen, we still continued with the most important theme of silence which is what I intended for my contribution. What I took away as an actor from this piece is how different it is to play a real person rather then a ch aracter and how much it bends and changes the methods of the acting I was use too. And personally from this piece I realized how difficult it is to work when there are so many people disorganized people trying to voice their opinion. But, I did enjoy the experience.

Food Inc. Case Study Essay

1. How has technology been applied to the food production process? Give/describe at least 3 examples. In the last 50 years, technology has completely changed the way we eat. When we think about farming, we think red barns, green grass, free-roaming animals, etc. Farming, now-a-days, is far different than the image the industry has lead us to believe. Farming has become a highly industrialized and mechanized business. The reality is our food is no longer coming from farms; it’s coming off assembly lines in factories, just like automobiles. Due to the high demand for certain types of foods, technology has allowed us to change the way we grow our food. Through genetic engineering, scientists have been able to introduce genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) into the food system to help with the shortage of food. Take for instance, the chicken. In 1950, it took farmers 70 days to raise a chicken. Now, it takes half the time, only 48 days. Not only can farmers grow chickens faster, they can grow them to be bigger. To meet the needs of consumers’ preferences for white meat, scientists made specific changes to the chickens’ DNA that made it possible to redesign the chicken to have larger breasts (Wikipedia.org). Another area where technology was applied to our food production process was through crops. In the 1930’s scientists developed a hybrid seed for corn, this hybrid had stronger stalks that resisted being blown over and it allowed farmers to plant the crop closer together (Food, Inc. Discussion Guide). Resulting in higher yields, â€Å"100 years ago a farmer in America could grow maybe 20 bushels of corn on an acre. Today, 200 bushels is no problem† (Food, Inc.). With the surplus of corn, scientists were able to develop more uses for it. A couple of examples include corn-based ethanol fuel, high-fructose corn syrup, maltodextrin, etc. Even though the technological advances mentioned above are astounding, one can’t help but wonder how these changes are aff ecting society. 2. How has business influenced government in the agricultural / food industry? Give at least 3 examples from the documentary. Monsanto has influenced government in many ways when it comes to the agricultural / food industry. Michael Pallon, an American author / journalist / activist, states â€Å"There has been this revolving door between Monsanto’s corporate offices and the various regulatory and judicial bodies that have made the  key decisions.† (Food, Inc.). For example, Justice Clarence Thomas (1991 – Present) was an attorney for Monsanto from 1976 – 1979 and wrote the majority of the opinion that refused farmers from cleaning and saving their own seed (Food, Inc.) Monsanto also had very close ties to the Bush and Clinton Administration. These ties eliminated the political debates over the extreme change in our food system. â€Å"For the last 25 years, our government has been dominated by the industries that it was meant to be regulating† (Food, Inc.). Take for example, Michael Taylor King, a Spaulding lawyer from 1994 – 1991. He advised his client, Monsanto, on GMF labeling. Then in 1991, he became the Deputy Commissioner for Policy and oversaw the FDA’s decision not to label GMF’s. As stated in the film, there is too much centralized power. Farmers are going into more and more debt with each year passing and what’s truly sad about the whole situation is they have no control over the businesses they worked tooth and nail for. 3. What is the FDA’s most current policy on genetically engineered foods? If you use a quote, then use two paragraphs or more to support the quote.  According to Noelle Cremers with the California Farm Bureau the FDA’s most current policy regarding genetically engineered foods is as follows, â€Å"And if I can point out the reason that we are concerned with labeling is it creates unnecessary fear in a consumer’s mind. Until the industry has an opportunity to educate why we want to use this technology and the value of the technology, we don’t feel that consumers just having a warning label will help them† (Food, Inc.). The problem with this is it violates consumer’s rights. As stated in the â€Å"consumer’s Magna Carta† that was spelled out by President John F. Kennedy, consumers have four basic rights, the right to be informed, the right to safety, the right to choose, and the right to be heard (Carroll and Buchholtz 392). The FDA is violating at least three of consumer’s rights by not labeling for GMO’s. Starting with the right to be informed, which â€Å"refers to the consumer’s right to know about a product, its use, and the cautions to be exercised while using it† (Carroll and Buchholtz 392). Without labeling, consumers have no clue what they are consuming, they are not informed. Next, the FDA is violating consumer’s right to safety which refers to concerns of  a product being dangerous (Carroll and Buchholtz 392). Even though GMO’s were discovered in the 1970’s, approximately 40 years ago, there is little to no research proving these products are safe for us to consume. Are they trying to cover up the fact that they are dangerous? Lastly, they are not allowing consumers the right to choose. Without full disclosure of GMO’s, how can one make an accurate choice? As far as the right to be heard, the FDA is hearing consumer’s desires and grievances towards the labeling of GMO’s, they’re just not listening. 4. What evidence do you see in the documentary that business is taking a more proactive, socially responsible stance to food production? To prove it is possible for businesses to have a proactive, socially responsible stance in the way food is produced, the documentary focused on two companies, Polyface Farms and Stonyfield Farms. Joel Salatin, owner of Polyface Farms, is hitting the nail on the head when it comes to being a socially responsible business owner. He’s upholding his economic responsibility to be profitable. He may not be striving to have his food sold at Wal-Mart, but he is charging customer’s fair prices for the quality of food he is providing. Polyface Farms is being legally responsible by obeying all laws. Although, the United States Department of Agricultural did try shutting them down because their operations are open to the air and it is considered to be unsanitary. However, he had his workplace cultured at a local microbiology lab and the results averaged 133 colony forming units, where the cultures from stores averaged 3600 colony forming units. In microbiology, colony-forming unit (CFU) is an estimate of viable bacterial or fungal numbers. Unlike direct microscopic counts where all cells, dead and living, are counted, CFU estimates viable cells (Wikipedia.org). Lastly, Polyface farms is withholding there ethical standards high. Some could argue that killing animals for food is wrong, but that is a completely different subject. The company is showing respect to the planet, their workers, the animals, and their consumers. In the documentary Joel Salatin states, â€Å"I mean, a culture that just views a pig as a pile of protoplasmic inanimate structure to be manipulated by whatever creative design that humans can foist on that critter will probably view individuals within its community and other cultures in the community of  nations with the same type of disdain, disrespect and controlling-type mentality.† (Food, Inc.). That statement alone proves he is ethically responsible. The documentary also focused on Stonyfield Farms as a socially responsible company. Gary Hirschberg, the COO of Stonyfield Farms states, â€Å"When we started out, we were a seven-cow farm. We wanted to prove that business could be part of the solution to the globe’s environmental problems. At the same time we had to prove that we could be highly profitable† (Food, Inc.). Stonyfield is the third largest yogurt brand in America, and they are the most profitable, e.g. they’re being economically responsible. The company is proving to be ethically responsible by providing organic yogurt, quality products, to the consumers at a responsible price, and you can tell in the documentary that their animals are being treated with respect. The cows were roaming free and were very clean, the farm had red barns that were kept nicely, and the grass was green. More and more companies today, are sprinting into the organic business. They are starting to realize that consumers are waking up and seeing behind the veil the food industry has put up. Consumers want to be healthy, be respected as both consumers and worker, and they want to preserve our environment for future generations. Works Citied Carroll, Archie B., and Buchholtz, Ann K. Business and Society: Ethics, Sustainability, and Stakeholder Management. 8th ed. Mason, OH: Cengage, 2012. â€Å"Colony-forming Unit.† Wikipedia.org. 4 February 2014. 18 March 2014 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-forming_unit> Food, Inc. Dir. Robert Kenner. Perf. Robert Kenner; Richard Pearce; Eric Schlosser; Melissa Robledo; William Pohlad; Jeff Skoll; Robin Schorr; Diane Weyermann; Elise Pearlstein; Kim Roberts; Michael Pollan; Gary Hirshberg; Joel Salatin; Mark Adler. Los Angeles, CA : Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2009. DVD. â€Å"Food, Inc. Discussion Guide.† Takepart.com. 15 March 2014 â€Å"Genetically Modified Food.† Wikipedia.org. 17 March 2014. 18 March 2014 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food >

Revelant problems within the U.S. heath care system Research Paper

Revelant problems within the U.S. heath care system - Research Paper Example An efficient government must support its population by providing a developed social and environmental structure for leading a better life. People’s health related issues are one of the most important concerns for policy makers and regulators as people are the prime essence of an economy. Man power is a very crucial resource for economic development and hence, a healthy man power is inevitable. Therefore, most of the economies aim to establish flawless health care systems. In recent years, there have been significant improvements in social structures and lifestyle of the people. Globalization, technological advancements and economic enhancement are three prime reasons for these changes. However, with these changes, some major issues have also been noticed like unhealthy lifestyles and increasing environmental pollutions like global warming. This has led to increase in the necessity of better health care system within an economy. Therefore, the demand of health care systems has multiplied and entrepreneurs have found better and profitable business opportunities. Hence, health care sector has become an emerging industry which has great economic importance. The governments are also trying to encourage this industry for offering better and healthier lifestyles to people by regulating and controlling this sector as well as the entire system. However, at present, many countries’ health care system is suffering from few major issues. This paper will attempt to discuss the U.S. health care system and its major prevailing issues. Currently, there are three major issues in U.S. health care system i.e. large number of uninsured Americans, increasing cost of health services and inefficient government regulation. The primary aim of this paper is to offer plausible strategies or solutions for overcoming these issues. At first, a brief overview of U.S. health care

The Existence of the Supreme Being Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Existence of the Supreme Being - Essay Example With regards to the argument of design, aspects of the argument were inspired by Aristotle and Plato (O'Neill 110). It was adapted by Christian philosophers Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. The design argument argues that there is an observable design or order in the universe even though the design is not always flawless or perfect. The existence of such design confirms the existence of a Designer such as a supreme being. Finally, the moral argument clarified by a philosopher, Immanuel Kant, centered on the summum bonum or in other words the "Highest Good". The Highest Good refers to where happiness and moral virtue coincide at their fullest. Human beings, it is experimental, always struggle for this superior plane of existence, and yet they are never able to attain it (Protestantism 1). According to Immanuel, the longing human beings have for moral fairness, as well as happiness, and justice confirms that someone put this desire in their souls. Immanuel’s argument is a similar a rgument made by the Apostle Paul (O'Neill 110).Many famous scientists such as Stephen Hawking have tried to clarify the basis of the universe as a phenomenon from gravity. However, they fail to address the main issue at hand which is the origin of physical law. They need to ask themselves where gravity came from and how something can emerge from nothing since physical law is nothing (Strobel 1). In addition, scientists’ idea of joining universes to flee the conclusion of modification is philosophically unstable., metaphysically motivated, as well as less parsimonious, than the theistic understanding. This also leaves one liable thesis of the Supreme Being as the maker of the universe. This is evident in places such as the bible and other theories that explain the existence of the Supreme Being. The Biblical teachings on the basis of the universe can be found in Genesis 1:1 (Strobel 1). It clearly states that God, the Supreme Being, shaped the heavens and the earth. Hence, thi s surpasses all other theories. The Supreme Being is all powerful since it is recorded that the Being created the whole universe in just a word of mouth (Lutzer 75). The universe is thought to be 100 galaxies long. This requires mysterious powers to form. However, the Supreme Being is deemed to have created the universe in only six days (Lutzer 75). Since the being is thought to have created everything including evil, people wonder why the Being cannot just destroy evil. Surely, evil creates

Small Businesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Small Businesses - Essay Example From this research it is clear that business success or failure is not ultimately the result of fate or random chance, but there are good reasons why a business did well or the other one didn’t. When a business man plans to set up a business, he may have some initial concerns such as which particular business to be started, who are the main customers to be targeted, how much capital to be invested and what market to be concentrated etc. In today’s rigorously competitive market landscape, the main indicator for the success or failure of a business is the ability of the business to meet customers’ specific as well as general requirements and thus to ensure customers’ satisfaction. As Freeman emphasized, no one who starts their own small business plan to fail, but sadly they fail to plan and therefore they fail. No matter whether the business is small or big, developing a well thought about plan and comprehensive strategic planning is critical to setting a bu siness successfully. In the modern business contexts, small businesses represent a good portion of the economy since it 1) provides increased employment opportunities, 2) Requires less gestation period, 3) encourages growth of local entrepreneurship and 4) improves the standard of living of the local people. In the UK alone, it is estimated that there are 3.7 million small businesses and this plays greater roles in its economy. A small scale business is one in which management is mostly independent and usually the manager is the owner, area of the operation is mainly local and ownership is held by an individual or small group of people. (Analoui and Karami

Ethical Code for Financial Management Assignment

Ethical Code for Financial Management - Assignment Example However, the codes do not define the organizational culture in regards to its role in improving the ethical environment and nature of employees. In comparison to my organization, the codes are similar. In my organization, staffs have a personal and professional role to perform tasks as required by the institution, state and the community. Moreover, employees are required to relate to partners, subordinates and peers in the workplace and community in a respectable and ethical way. Similar to Eli Lilly and Company, all employee are required to safeguard tangible and intangible assets under their mandate (Eli Lily and Company, 2014). Additionally, accurate information on the assets should be provided upon request. The ethical requirements are attached to an employment agreement provided prior to placement. In an argument Chun et.al (2013) the performance of an organization is determined by the ethical performance relationship in the workplace. Similarly, in financial management the requirement to ensure an exceptional ethical performance relationship reflects on the results obtained. The value of the financial performance of an organization is determined by their corporate social responsibility (Perrini et.al, 2011). Consequently, the efficiency of the ethical codes employed by an organization increases its financial performance value. In addition, ethical employee behavior in the department minimizes errors and malpractices thus increasing its efficiency and performance. Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J., & Kim, M. S. (2013). How Does Corporate Ethics Contribute to Firm Financial Performance? The Mediating Role of Collective Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Management, 39, (4): 853-877. Eli Lily and Company. (2014). Code of ethical conduct for financial management. Retrieved from

Role of national security advisor of US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Role of national security advisor of US - Essay Example Various stakeholders in tackling security issues in US play different roles to establish the causes and means effectively applicable to mitigate issues of security in the world. Among the major stake holders in security issues in US are; the president, the security advisor, the director of national intelligence, the congress among others. The US security stakeholders take interest in circumstances that affect values, economic prosperity, security and international order. US security sector investigates security status, formulate policies and offer support to the regions that are affected by insecurity. In making decisions related to security, the stakeholders contribute share information that determines the course of action to be taken by the US government. The action taken by America regarding a security issue is not solely decided by the president. In this paper, I will analyze the role of the US National Security Advisor and his place in offering advice to the government and the e ffect on the Instrument of National Power as a result of the course of action. In this analysis, I will take into consideration the role of the US National security Advisor in the situation of Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is because the US is concerned with the future outcome of the security situation in that area. This is because of the existence of terror groups which have destabilized security of the region for many years. Terrorist groups are considered a threat to the whole world since they are believed to be trafficking weapons of mass destruction into the region (Lesson 19 pg 237). Seth Jones, the author of the article, It Takes the Villages: Bringing Change from Below in Afghanistan addresses the issues surrounding the US involvement in security issues touching Afghanistan. According to Jones, the government of US has operated with little information about the cultural dynamics that surround the area of Afghanistan. For example, the author argues that the government of US has taken military to Afghanistan while they lack information on the values of the local people. In actual sense, the author supports his work by quoting the word of the Major General Michael Flynn who attested that they are working in an area where they know very little about. Flynn was quoted to have used these words eight years in to the war between US and terrorists in Afghanistan (Jones pg 240). In tackling the security situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the US national Security Advisor will be required to change the strategy he has presented to the US government concerning the implementation of military plans in those areas. This is because there are deficiencies in the way the US has been approaching the settlement of disputes in that region. In addressing security issues, the government of US has failed to put into consideration the culture of the people of Afghanistan. This would inform decisions Americans soldiers make in planning and executing plans since activities o f a people are linked to their values (Jones pg 241). It is evident that many of the American soldiers have minimal interaction with people of the rural areas of Afghanistan. To achieve settlement of disputes between the two areas, the government of US will be required to engage the allies to the warring sides and get exact information about causes of war. The government of America will need to execute a cultural study of the

Economics graphs Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics graphs - Statistics Project Example A shift in the demand curve for a good is brought about by various factors such as income, population, price of a substitute or complement, consumer taste or preference and expectation among others. A change in any of these factors would lead to a rightward or leftward shift in the demand curve depending on the direction of the change (Begg, Fischer & Dornbusch). For instance, an increase in the income of consumers causes a corresponding increase in the demand for normal good A, with price level remaining the same. Given Graph 2, demand curve D1 would shift rightward to D2 in view of the increase in income. On the other hand, D1 would shift leftward to D3 should there be a decrease in the income of consumers. Similarly, the supply curve shifts leftward or rightward depending on the change in factors such as technology or productivity and price of raw materials. For example, as illustrated in Graph 3 below, a decrease in the price of flour, which is the main ingredient of bread, would cause the bread supply S1 to shift rightward to S2. On the contrary, an increase in the price of flour would result in a leftward shift of S1 to S3. The absolute value of the answer to the above equation would indicate how a percentage change in the price would affect the quantity demanded. Demand is considered elastic if the computed elasticity is greater than 1. This means that a 1% change in the price of good A would be accompanied by a more than proportionate change in quantity demanded.

Cases in Financial Management Essay Example for Free

Cases in Financial Management Essay Case Synopsis Founded in 1984 Laurentian Bakeries Inc. operates in the industry of manufacturing a vast variety of frozen baked products within their three operating plants in Montreal, Winnipeg and Toronto. The operating plants produce items such as frozen pizza in Winnipeg, MB, pies in Montreal, QC and Cakes in Toronto, ON- with each representing 30%, 30% and 40% of the total revenue stream respectively. The buyers for this company include large institutional clients such domino’s pizza, etc. which have a significantly higher level of power whereas the seller of the products consists of several food producers which have a relatively low level of power. With the cost of setting up a plant of this scale being high, substitute products will also remain high in the market causing the overall profit margin to be low. With the company’s ongoing effort for continuous improvement Danielle Knowles (VP of operations) proposed to expand one of the operating plants in Winnipeg-which was based on the opportunity if the company expanded into the U.S. market. Statement The statement of the problem is how Danielle Knowles will prepare a capital project expenditure proposal to expand the company’s frozen pizza plant in Winnipeg; which is consistent and in line with the company’s capital allocation policy. The proposal should also satisfy the company’s continuous effort for improvement, identification of lost opportunities, satisfaction of HR and environmental impacts and provide sufficient ROI. Situational Analysis The strengths of the company are clearly visible through the company’s effective operations and reputable image in the industry. Being one of the top five in the industry, Laurentian Bakeries has established themselves as a dominant player in the market; however, with a shortage in capacity it can  potentially overpower the strengths due to its negative impact on the company. This includes a decrease in sales and potential decreases in retailer support. Nevertheless, with the acknowledgement of a capacity shortage and an opportunity to expand and grow in the U.S. market the company seems to be in good standing. Moving aside to a different area amongst the competition, all the products are similar which indicate there is heavy competition. The presence of numerous suppliers makes this industry highly competitive, as a result, there is high aggression amongst competitors. This is a leading factor that indicates this is not an attractive business to be in. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths * Danielle Knowles has experience in the food industry for 13 years. This is a great benefit for the company, because she is able to use her knowledge and experience and apply it for Laurentian Bakeries in order to improve operations or even avoid errors. This in return can potentially save the company from incurring additional expenses. * Danielle has her Master’s in Business Administration which indicates that she is educated and has the credentials to maintain her position as the VP of operations. Also, Danielle is able to use that knowledge and apply it to everyday operations of the company. * Laurentian has above average consideration for human resource and environmental impacts. This benefits the company to the extent that it creates a public awareness which shows their commitment to the community which in return can potentially be used as a marketing tool to attract more sales. * Laurentian company is one of the five large firms that produce frozen foods dominating 21% of the market. This indicates that they are a dominant player in the market and have survived many difficulties from various competitions. * Well established and profitable company which indicates that they have survived one full economic cycle and have withstood their competition. * The company has a diversified revenue stream with three operating plants located in major cities which are not as risky as a single revenue stream. * All three segments are profitable. * Low cost pizza producer which is helping to expand into the US. Market. * Laurentian Bakeries has an integrated workforce such as sales, marketing, etc. for all of their operating plants. Weakness * Shortage of capacity. If this weakness is not dealt with the company can face losses in their sales because of the shortage. This in return lowers the overall profit of the company and can potentially decrease buyers if they cannot meet the demand due to the shortage. * Class 1 products are too risky and by taking such a great risk any wrong doing can have a negative impact on the company. Opportunities * Arrangement to supply large U.S. based grocery chain with private label brand. If the opportunity is taken to its advantage the company can potentially see higher figures in sales and profits. * Since U.S. pizza consumption is 3x bigger than the Canadian segment the overall US market is bigger which can potentially lead to a higher market share. * Within N.A. the economy is recovering modestly and is expected to grow. This indicates that consumer spending on discretionary items such as food products will remain strong. Threats * Inflation is forecasted to remain between 3-5%. This may cause interest rates to rise causing the cost of capital to increase higher than its current level. Capital projects such as expansion may suffer. * North American growth rate of gross domestic product slowed down which may lower the company sales. * Threat of new entrants will increase competition and is always a factor that makes the sales aggressive. * Health Conscious consumers will potentially affect sales due to the products offered by Laurentian Bakeries are considered â€Å"unhealthy.† With on-going health awareness the products offered by Laurentian Bakeries might not meet the changing demand of consumers. Porter’s Five Forces Buyer’s Power * Mixed Power. * There are two types of buyers: large institutional buyers such as  domino’s pizza pizza pizza as well as large retailers. Thousands of smaller clients have less power because of their current low clientele base. Supplier Power * Low Power. * Pizza suppliers distribute production to pizza stores, restaurants and grocery chain stores. Since there are numerous suppliers in the market for ingredients such as cheese, flour, vegetables, etc. they have low power. Barriers to Entrant * High * Due to high capital costs, skilled workforces, environmental regulations, high distribution channels, entry into this industry is high. Threat of Substitute * High * The products offered by Laurentian such as their Pizza can be made at home or even purchased fresh from fast food restaurants. Also they can easily be substituted for other products such as calzone, sandwiches, tacos, etc. Competition * High * There is high competition for the items offered by Laurentian Bakers. Competition for their pizza baked items can easily be substituted through franchised restaurants such as Pizza Pizza, Boston Pizza, Pizza Hut, etc. also competition is high through other companies offering the same goods. In addition, this company is also competing against other food products rather than frozen pizza alone. Financial Analysis Financial Summary: Laurentian Bakeries is seeing a cash increase from $6.2 million in 1993 to almost double its value of $13.1 million in 1995. At the same time long term debt for the company has increased by $7.23 million which indicated that Laurentian Bakeries is funded by its long term debt and has not utilized its cash and therefore has incurred additional interest expenses. Moving over to the sales figures, Laurentian Bakeries has seen an increase of 11% from 1993-95; however, net income is flat which indicates that their COGS and operating expenses have also risen almost at the same pace as sales. This setback has no advantage to the shareholders. Alternatives 1. Continue original plans to continue expansion in Winnipeg. 2. Build a plant in U.S. to cater to that market. 3. Buy an existing plant. 4. Expand the Toronto plant as it is the strongest plant for the company. Recommendations By carefully analyzing all the alternatives, we recommend alternative one as the best fit solution to this company due to it being most practical at the company’s current situation. We strongly believe that continuing original plans to expand in Winnipeg is the beneficial solution for the company as they already produce the same type of products and have the additional land to carry forward the expansion, because this plant is a low cost producer and is ideal to utilize the U.S private label sector. In addition, this alternative is beneficial because it is consistent with the company’s overall objectives. Given the discount rate of 18% and a $5.2 million capital investment the NPV of the expected cash flow is positive. Moreover, recommendation one is the best suited for this company because: * There is land readily available in Winnipeg. This can save the company some money in terms of the expansion because these will incur less of an expense due to Laurentian owning the extra land space. * Building a plant in U.S. will require a lot of capital, additional expenses for hiring, training, etc., and potential change in production, management or other techniques due to different regulations in U.S. * Expanding in Toronto will also require additional capital and additional time to hire and train the workforce to produce the pizza products which aren’t produced in the Toronto facility.

Master Bill Software: Advantages and Disadvantages

Master Bill Software: Advantages and Disadvantages Definition of Master Bill Software Introduction The surrounding environment construction industry has changed a lot in the past ten years. They are looking for new ways to compete effectively. Enterprise one of the key factors in success is the ability to quickly adapt to changing environmental conditions, continuous innovation, achieves the goal. Organizational knowledge provides this functionality. More specifically, the knowledge of the organization to provide the ability to understand markets and evaluate customer demand, and put them into products and services by integrating various resources organization. When we move from the industrial age into the era of intelligence, knowledge has become the companys core competitive success. The importance of organizational knowledge and the role it increase in km, choose appropriate different km strategy is crucial. IN the process of project management, it is widely used. Construction is slow; however, admit it as a major tool of benefits beyond communication. Transfer of knowledge and information across projects for the construction industry is a major challenge. Most of the work is based on the project construction, as short-term and task oriented, promote culture, continuous learning is suppressed. Subsequently, experts and technical knowledge can be lost from one project to another place.(2000), and it can assist the project team between the transfer of knowledge and information, make the development of new knowledge innovation. Master bill software Was established in 1981, the number from the practice of investigation, a Master bill always set construction software should be a judgment standard. Since our first microcomputer BQ system, by introducing the worlds first truly Windows 32-bit BQ system in 1997, and a complete e Tendering solution development in 2001, Master bill always tried to transcend products and contains the entire solutions. Master bill in recent years has become the market based on the evaluation, to make our customer service quantity measurement and construction company, which in turn led to the development including CAD survey, combined with field measurement and modeling work. 2005 of Master bill again have the opportunity to go beyond product launch Master bill elite to provide complete solution through the planning and the feasibility of the BQ production cost final account in a product with a database. A is the most popular products and Master bill after. Master bill after complete BQ production system, the function is all ready, including pricing, cost analysis and bid on more routine.Masterbill3 use project structure; Part I), 2) element, iii) reference iv) cost code; The classification results with complete bill in almost any sequence. Project structure is usually based on the start of the project list, although can be revised later. Create the dimension is assigned to a reference, part of the elements and the cost code combination (dim store) using drop from measuring the window list Masterbill3 allows users to store 15 sets of bidding rate may be as a percentage of the unit, lump, PC, including, rule out, star rates or rate†. Price matching characteristics also provides the opportunity to choose another gentle before a project using the current estimated as the basis of pricing. Once the definition and standard of BQ pricing through cost analysis can be immediately available, when there are multiple tender bidding more routine. Masterbill3 compatible is not only a reference but also includes all of the tools allow the user to make full use of Master bill XML e Tendering standards include track and distribution of soft amendment. Explain the procedure on â€Å"how to use Master Bill† software. Master bill is a complete BQ Production System with fully feathered and including Pricing, Cost Analysis and Tender Comparison routines. Master bill uses as Project Structure which is combined together with full categories results in the function to produce bill of quantities in a series of sequence. Parts, Elements, Reference and Cost Codes are included in the Project Structure. Project Structure should be set up at the beginning of a project using the lists existed and it can be corrected later. In the Master bill software, time sings, side casts, sub-totals, deductions and signposting or annotations are the benefits in order to allow the user to use the traditional dim sheet to enter all the dimensions and information. In this software, there is a function that used to dynamically link dimensions by ‘adding on’ and ‘key dimensions’. Since the dimension is dynamically linked, if any correction to the original dimension will be automatically be connected in any dimensions linked on it. Master bill software also provides an effective dim management function. The function of dim management can allow the user to reprocess the data in several ways. For example, copy and paste within the project, copy and paste from others project, apply multiplication factor and set all quantities to become zero. In the measurement process, Master bill software enables the user to form Bill of Quantities on it. In generating a bill of quantities the user can fixed in some part in BQ. For example, The sequence of Bill of Quantities The user can choose the sequences available in the software to allow the bill of quantities to be arranged to suit the specific requirements. The selection of measurement The user can select the component of measurement, such as Parts, Cost codes, Elements and others. Layout The layout of bill of quantities can be decided by the user by adding the header, footer, page number, column widths and so on. Master bill software also provide a flexible editing function, for example, by double clicking on bill of quantities item to see its abstract from here the users can select and jump to an indivual dimension sheet for amendment or choose multiple dim sheet to correct their description respectively. Master bill software enables the user to save up to 15 sets of tender rates which including as lumps ums, PC sums, star rates, unit rates and other pricing analysis facilities. The function of ‘Matching Price’ function also offers the opportunity to choose and alternative tender on a former project to use as a reference for pricing the current estimation. Since the bill of quantities is priced user-defined and standard BCIS cost analysis could be obtained properly and when more than one tender is exist tender comparison steps into composition. Advantages and disadvantages of using Master Bill Advantages Consignee does not need to wait or give up in order securing the release of the original, because if this is a bill, it is so, so the goods are released directly. The shipper can save delivery or postage fees, because he can send a copy of the express bill through electronic means The most useful group company office in pol and pod and trust business partner. Save the bill of lading stationery. Disadvantages It is not the transfer of the bank or other institution cant change my money. Its just a receipt of the goods. Release without security as an original bill of lading and there may be a fraud From the point of view of liner, entertainment agent does not need to look for any original bill or wait for any document in order to release the goods, this can be problematic in some cases, if any reason to stop release loading port Justify other software to be used by QS in preparing a Bills of Quantities (BQ) Build soft Modeling of the global estimation is commercial software construction and construction. It produces the bill of quantity or detailed cost estimate and plan. Commercial building contractors and it is the main purpose of surveyors, the software success around the world, and constantly improve and upgrade, usually the customer requests and Suggestions. Initial estimates can be used in its original form or divided into group is more suitable. Estimate the potential of the subcontractor, can be sent to all the necessary reference and quantity. The subcontractor can even publish and build software price items. Subcontractor electronic item price is the purpose of reducing the time required to enter the information the main contractors computer. It also eliminates the input errors caused by the possibility of error. Revised at the end of the process, estimate the total available. Each group the difference between the original and revised group always always displayed in the column of add or omit leadership. Management can review to compare and measure the effect of any changes; they may want to let the subcontractor construction project group, or method. This is an important part of evaluation and management of a function. Build with soft software provides a clear analysis and comparison, can be combined with the assessment team skills and experience, to speed up the job winning submissions, will create the largest profit. CATO Suite Causeway technology was established in 1998 for the whole of the clients with a series of software products and services competitive. This is a fast growing organization currently use in the region of 200 people, the construction industry is the leading software developers. From feasibility to the final accounts, cost management faces are more stringent than any time before a deadline, to provide accurate cost information. Cato suite development closely involved in vocational and professional QS provides powerful support. Cato the introduction of the enterprise is an opportunity to implement the step change in their business processes to provide staff with effective QS desktop.BQ and cost plan created in a controlled environment can rely on and provide information for building a database for future projects and important report in a consistent manor production for the customer. Project Cost Control Cost control at the beginning of the inception, show that in guiding price or cost need phase when a price estimate is an early by the contractor in preparation and bidding process through the completion of project final account and agreement. The architect or engineer will need to consider alternative solutions, meet customer at different stages of the design of the overall goals and objectives. Recommended construction technicians will provide cost comparison of design scheme using alternative materials, also suggested that the design form and the influence of the purchasing cost. Cost control is not stay in the bidding stage, but the last final account and the agreement of the final certificate. Therefore, cash flow estimation software makes the construction technician records and accurate and faster calculation date drivers. It also provides a better supervision and construction process. References http://www.pck.com.my/site/download/buildsoftbrochure.pdf http://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/features-of-measurement-software-in-construction-industry-information-technology-essay.php http://shippingandfreightresource.com/how-does-an-express-bill-work-and-what-are-its-advantages-and-disadvantages/ http://integratedinformationinconstruction.blogspot.com/2009/11/masterbill-software-for-quantity.html

Native American Oppression

Native American Oppression Whoever controls the past controls the future (George Orwell). Freedom; just what is freedom? Many think of freedom as having a choice. It is what the United States is supposedly founded on. But is it really? How many people actually have the freedom to know the oppression not through the eyes of the conqueror, but the conquered? History is not meant to be repeated, for it teaches us how to prevent. So why is it that we do not learn? The history of the Native Americans has never been a pretty one. Native Americans have suffered and have been oppressed like none other. What Columbus did to the Arawaks of the Bahamas, Cortes did to the Aztecs of Mexico, Pizarro to the Incas of Peru, and the English settlers of Virginia and Massachusetts to the Powhatans and the Pequots. Settlers were seeking religious and political freedom; during their quest they set their eyes on the new world. What is the point of freedom if one must subjugate others for it? The history of oppression, of the European invasion on the Indian settlements in the Americas begins five hundred years ago. That beginning is one of conquest, slavery, and death. When we read the history books given to children in the United States, it all starts with heroic adventure, one where there was no bloodshed, and Columbus Day is a celebration. Past the elementary and high schools, there are only occasional hints of something else, but only a hint. Samuel Eliot Morison in his popular book Christopher Columbus, Mariner, written in 1954, he tells about the enslavement and the killing: The cruel policy initiated by Columbus and pursued by his successors resulted in complete genocide. Samuel Eliot Morison did not lie about Christopher Columbus. But rather he mentioned the truth quickly and very subtly. On October 12, a sailor called Rodrigo saw the early morning moon shining on white sands, and cried out. It was an island in the Bahamas, the Caribbean Sea. The first man to sight land was to get a yearly pension of 10,000 maravedis for life, but Rodrigo never got it. Columbus claimed he had seen a light the evening before. He got the reward. So, approaching land, they were met by the Arawak Indians, who swam out to greet them. The Arawaks lived in village communes, had a developed agriculture of corn, yams, and cassava. They could spin and weave, but they had no horses or work animals. They had no iron, but they wore tiny gold ornaments in their ears. Arawak men and women full of wonder emerged from their villages onto the islands beaches and swam out to get a closer look at the strange big boat, the likes of which they had never before seen. When Columbus and his sailors came ashore, carrying swords, speaking oddly, the Arawaks ran to greet them, brought them food, water, gifts. He later wrote of this in his log: They brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks bells. They willingly traded everything they owned. They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features. They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane They would make fine servants. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want. The gold ornaments would prove to have disastrous consequences as they would fuel the greed the Spanish had. Christopher Columbus ordered for some of them to be captured by force and sent on board the ships. The main goal behind this was information about the location of gold. On the way back the Native Americans died aboard the ship when the weather dropped. The Indians, Columbus reported, are so naive and so free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say no. To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone. He concluded his report by asking for a little help from their Majesties, and in return he would bring them from his next voyage as much gold as they need and as many slaves as they ask. He was full of religious talk: Thus the eternal God, our Lord, gives victory to those who follow His way over apparent impossibilities. His second expedition was given seventeen ships and more than twelve hundred men. The aim was clear: slaves and gold. They went from island to island in the Caribbean, taking Indians as captives. But as word spread of the Europeans intent they found more and more empty villages. On Haiti, they found that the sailors left behind at Fort Navidad had been killed in a battle with the Indians, after they had roamed the island in gangs looking for gold, taking women and children as slaves for sex and labor. When there was a possibility of making a profit God had no room in Christopher Columbus mind. Columbus sent expedition after expedition into the interior. They found no gold fields, but had to fill up the ships returning to Spain with some kind of dividend. In the year 1495, they went on a great slave raid, rounded up fifteen hundred Arawak men, women, and children, put them in pens guarded by Spaniards and dogs, then picked the five hundred best specimens to load onto ships. Of those five hundred, two hundred died en route. The rest arrived alive in Spain and were put up for sale by the archdeacon of the town, who reported that, although the slaves were naked as the day they were born, they showed no more embarrassment than animals. Columbus later wrote: Let us in the name of the Holy Trinity go on sending all the slaves that can be sold. In the province of Cicao on Haiti, where he and his men imagined huge gold fields to exist, they ordered all persons fourteen years or older to collect a certain quantity of gold every three months. When they brought it, they were given copper tokens to hang around their necks. Indians found without a copper token had their hands cut off and bled to death. The Indians had been given an impossible task. The only gold around was bits of dust garnered from the streams. So they fled, were hunted down with dogs, and were killed. Trying to put together an army of resistance, the Arawaks faced Spaniards who had armor, muskets, swords, horses. When the Spaniards took prisoners they hanged them or burned them to death. Among the Arawaks, mass suicides began, with cassava poison. Infants were killed to save them from the Spaniards. In two years, through murder, mutilation, or suicide, half of the Indians on Haiti were dead. This was all in the name of the holy trinity, and ordered by Columbus. The Arawaks were not the only Indians to suffer at the hands of European forces. The Aztec civilization of Mexico came out of the heritage of Mayan, Zapotec, and Toltec cultures. It built enormous constructions from stone tools and human labor, developed a writing system and a priesthood. It also engaged in the ritual killing of thousands of people as sacrifices to the gods. The cruelty of the Aztecs, however, did not erase a certain innocence, and when a Spanish armada appeared at Vera Cruz, and a bearded white man came ashore, with strange beasts, clad in iron, it was thought that he was the legendary Aztec man-god, and so they welcomed him, with magnanimous hospitality. That was Hernando Cortes, sent from Spain, and blessed by the deputies of God, with one obsessive goal: to find gold. For God, for Glory, and Gold. (Cortez) In the mind of Montezuma, the king of the Aztecs, there must have been a certain doubt about whether Cortes was indeed Quetzalcoatl, because he sent a hundred runners to Cortes, bearing enormous treasures, gold and silver wrought into objects of fantastic beauty, but at the same time begging him to go back. Cortes then began his march of death from town to town, using deception, turning Aztec against Aztec, killing with the kind of deliberateness that accompanies a strategy-to paralyze the will of the population by a sudden frightful deed. And so, in Cholulu, he invited the headmen of the Cholula nation to the square. And when they came, with thousands of unarmed retainers, Cortess small army of Spaniards, posted around the square with cannon, armed with crossbows, mounted on horses, massacred them, down to the last man. Then they looted the city and moved on. When their cavalcade of murder was over they were in Mexico City, Montezuma was dead, and the Aztec civilization, shattered, was in the hands of the Spaniards. In Peru, the Spanish conquistador Pizarro, used the same tactics, and for the same reasons- the frenzy in the early capitalist states of Europe: for gold, slaves, and products of the soil. To pay the bondholders and stockholders of the expeditions: which in turn financed the monarchical bureaucracies rising in Western Europe. Also to spur the growth of the new money economy rising out of feudalism, and to participate in what Karl Marx would later call the primitive accumulation of capital. These were the violent beginnings of an intricate system of technology, business, politics, and culture that would dominate the world for the next five centuries. In the North American English colonies, the pattern was set early, as Columbus had set it in the islands of the Bahamas. In 1585, before there was any permanent English settlement in Virginia, Richard Grenville landed there with seven ships. The Indians he met were hospitable, but when one of them stole a small silver cup, Grenville sacked and burned the whole Indian village. Jamestown itself was set up inside the territory of an Indian confederacy, led by the chief, Powhatan. Powhatan watched the English settle on his peoples land, but did not attack, maintaining a posture of coolness. When the English were going through their starving time in the winter of 1610, some of them ran off to join the Indians, where they would at least be fed. When the summer came, the governor of the colony sent a messenger to ask Powhatan to return the runaways, whereupon Powhatan, according to the English account, replied with no other than proud and disdainful Answers. Some soldiers were therefore sent out to take Revenge. They fell upon an Indian settlement, killed fifteen or sixteen Indians, burned the houses, cut down the corn growing around the village, took the queen of the tribe and her children into boats, then ended up throwing the children overboard and shot out their Brains in the water. The queen was later taken off and stabbed to death. Twelve years later, the Indians, alarmed as the English settlements kept growing in numbers, apparently decided to try to wipe them out for good. They went on a rampage and massacred 347 men, women, and children. From then on it was total war. Not able to enslave the Indians, and not able to live with them, the English decided to exterminate them. Edmund Morgan writes, in his history of early Virginia, American Slavery, American Freedom: Since the Indians were better woodsmen than the English and virtually impossible to track down, the method was to feign peaceful intentions, let them settle down and plant their corn wherever they chose, and then, just before harvest, fall upon them, killing as many as possible and burning the corn Within two or three years of the massacre the English had avenged the deaths of that day many times over. The lies of American History are too many to tell. Christopher Columbus wasnt a hero but a murderer, and the pilgrims didnt have the fairy tale relation with the Indians. When the Pilgrims came to New England they too were coming not to vacant land but to territory inhabited by tribes of Indians. The governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop, created the excuse to take Indian land by declaring the area legally a vacuum. The Indians, he said, had not subdued the land, and therefore had only a natural right to it, but not a civil right. A natural right did not have legal standing. The Puritans also appealed to the Bible, Psalms 2:8: Ask of me, and I shall give thee, the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession. And to justify their use of force to take the land, they cited Romans 13:2: Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. The Puritans lived in uneasy truce with the Pequot Indians, who occupied what is now southern Connecticut and Rhode Island. But they wanted them out of the way; they wanted their land. And they seemed to want also to establish their rule firmly over Connecticut settlers in that area. The murder of a white trader, Indian-kidnaper, and troublemaker became an excuse to make war on the Pequots in 1636. So, the war with the Pequots began. Massacres took place on both sides. The English developed a tactic of warfare used earlier by Cortes and later, in the twentieth century, even more systematically: deliberate attacks on noncombatants for the purpose of terrorizing the enemy. This is ethno historian Francis Jenningss interpretation of Captain John Masons attack on a Pequot village on the Mystic River near Long Island Sound: Mason proposed to avoid attacking Pequot warriors, which would have overtaxed his unseasoned, unreliable troops. Battle, as such, was not his purpose. Battle is only one of the ways to destroy an enemys will to fight. Massacre can accomplish the same end with less risk, and Mason had determined that massacre would be his objective. As Dr. Cotton Mather, Puritan theologian put it: It was supposed that no less than 600 Pequot souls were brought down to hell that day. The war continued. Indian tribes were used against one another, and never seemed able to join together in fighting the English. Jennings sums up: The terror was very real among the Indians, but in time they came to meditate upon its foundations. They drew three lessons from the Pequot War: First, that the Englishmens most solemn pledge would be broken whenever obligation conflicted with advantage; Second, that the English way of war had no limit of scruple or mercy; and third that weapons of Indian making were almost useless against weapons of European manufacture. These lessons the Indians took to heart. Was all this bloodshed and deceit-from Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro, and the Puritans-a necessity for the human race to progress from savagery to civilization? Was Morison right in burying the story of genocide inside a story of human progress? Perhaps a persuasive argument can be made-as it was made by Stalin when he killed peasants for industrial progress in the Soviet Union, as it was made by Churchill explaining the bombings of Dresden and Hamburg, and Truman explaining Hiroshima. But how can the judgment be made if the benefits and losses cannot be balanced because the losses are either unmentioned or mentioned quickly? To emphasize the heroism of Columbus and his successors as navigators and discoverers, and to de-emphasize their genocide, is not a technical necessity but an ideological choice. It is certainly the choice which most make. The easy acceptance of atrocities as a deplorable but necessary price to pay for progress (Hiroshima and Vietnam, to save Western civilization; Kronstadt and Hungary, to save socialism; nuclear proliferation, to save us all)-that is still with us. One reason these atrocities are still with us is that we have learned to bury them in a mass of other facts, as radioactive wastes are buried in containers in the earth. We have learned to give them exactly the same proportion of attention that teachers and writers often give them in the most respectable of classrooms and textbooks. This learned sense of moral proportion, coming from the apparent objectivity of the scholar, is accepted more easily than when it comes from politicians at press conferences. It is therefore m ore deadly. Not to mention more widespread. The treatment of heroes and their victims, and the quiet acceptance of conquest and murder in the name of progress, is only one aspect of a certain approach to history, in which the past is told from the point of view of governments, conquerors, diplomats, leaders. It is as if they, like Columbus, deserve universal acceptance, as if they-the Founding Fathers, Jackson, Lincoln, Wilson, Roosevelt, Kennedy, the leading members of Congress, the famous Justices of the Supreme Court-represent the nation as a whole. The pretense is that there really is such a thing as the United States, subject to occasional conflicts and quarrels, but fundamentally a community of people with common interests. It is as if there really is a national interest represented in the Constitution, in territorial expansion, in the laws passed by Congress, the decisions of the courts, the development of capitalism, the culture of education and the mass media. There is no justification for oppression and genocide. There can be no mission directly from God which destroys an entire culture. No legal document or moral law will ever be enough to justify it. While the people may die the rancor left behind wont perish. For it will be documented in history. The true history of the world is all of the peoples stories not just the conquerors. Whoever controls the past controls the future (George Orwell). A hunch backed bison. Proud and majestic. Now bowing. Arched over him, United States of America hangs above. Flip, reflect. A profile. A man with pride, feathers in his hair. Branded. 1936. The word liberty hangs in front of him. Taunting. He does not see it. His eyes are downcast. To notice it would be shortsighted. For what do he and his descendants know of liberty? Their relation with it is maintained with reservations. Primitive concentration camps. Ironic. Little remains today of the bison and the Indian. Confined to obverse and reverse. Looking past each other in opposite directions. To the air, the empty air. Dreaming of days, long gone, many moons ago. Works Cited Angelis, Gina De. Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of Inca. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2001. Bandelier, F. Hernando Cortà ©s. Catholic Encyclopedia. September 20, 2003. . Bowden, Thomas. The Enemies of Christopher Columbus: Answers to Critical Questions About the Spread of Western Civilization . : The Paper Tiger, 2003. Cortà ©s, Hernà ¡n, Marquà ©s Del Valle De Oaxaca. Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM. September 20, 2003 Crivelli, Camillus. Francisco Pizarro. Catholic Encyclopedia. September 23, 2003 . Fisher, Mark/Richardson, Kristi. Francisco Pizarro. Carpenoctem. 20 Sept. 2003 Fisher, Mark/Richardson, Kristi. Hernando Cortes. Carpenoctem. 20 Sept. 2003 Francisco, Michael. Cortes Speech. Escondido Tutorial Service. 20 Sept. 2003 . Gibson, Charles. Cortes, Hernando. The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book Inc., 1997 Jennings, Francis. The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest. Ney York: Norton library, 1975. King James Version. Bible. Marx, Karl. The Communist Manifesto. London: , 1848. Orwell, George. Quote DB. . 20 Nov. 2009 . Pizarro, Francisco. Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM. September 20, 2003 Powhatan Indian Tribe History . Access Genealogy. 20 Nov. 2009 .

Theres No Defense for Affluenza Essay -- The Affluenza Defense

"The Affluenza Defense: Judge Rules Rich Kid’s Rich Kid-ness Makes Him Not Liable for Deadly Drunk Driving Accident" -- Madison Gray, Time.com The relationship between motive and consequence is a complex one, and is made even more debatable when context becomes involved. Throughout our judicial history, the line between responsibility and exemption remains razor-thin in its subjectivity. If a woman murders her husband, but was abused by him for years, why is this considered different from a murder where the perpetrator wasn’t abused? We take these mitigating factors into account in court, but they present a unique problem. How much and which extenuating circumstances are enough to change the conviction? Precedents are continually being set as new mental conditions are discovered or gain new validity, so we must be able to discern the difference between defenses that are legitimate, and the Twinkie defenses. Twinkie defenses are those, which carry no reasonable justification for diminishing the mental capacity of the defendant. The ambiguity of what we know of the mind creates this conflict, so it is important t hat we consider the context with care. A new defense known as ‘Affluenza’ was very recently introduced into this family of mitigating factors. Affluenza claims that when an individual grows up in or is subjected to an affluent environment where the real world is shielded from them, they are unable to make the connection between their actions and their consequences. Affluenza says that the access to an excess of all the things money can buy comes at the expense of all the things money cannot buy. With the absence of even the most basic role modeling of the relationship between cause and... ...l Of Behavioral & Applied Management 11.3 (2010): 232-248. Academic Search Premier. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. Hobson, Jeremy. "The ‘Affluenza’ Defense." Here Now RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. . "Weekday Schedule." Newport Academy. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. . Lunther, Suniya, and Shawn Latendresse. "Children of the Affluent: Challenges to Well Being." Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. . de Graaf, J., Wann, D., Naylor, T. H., & Horsey, D. (2001). Affluenza: The all-consuming epidemic. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Whitely, Jason. "Sentence given to Teen in Deadly Drunk Driving Crash Spurs Backlash." WFAA Wfaa.com. ABC, n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2014.

Othello :: essays research papers

The Significance of Othello’s Ethnicity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In William E. Cain’s essay, â€Å"The Triumph of Will,† he clearly states, as is represented by James that Othello’s race is not an issue in the play. I strongly agree with James and believe that if Othello’s skin was white it would not affect the outcome of the play at all. Desdemona’s marriage to any other man, black or white, would have been just as upsetting to Barbantio and Roderigo, and in this paper I will further discuss my reasoning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I have mentioned in the introduction, the outcome of the play would have been exactly the same whether or not Desdemona’s husband in the play happened to be black or white. One of the reasons is the fact that Barbantio was not necessarily mad at Desdemona for marrying Othello. Although this might have made him a little upset he got over that very quick, but what made him really mad was that Desdemona married Othello secretly behind his back without his approval. Basically Barbantio felt betrayed by his own daughter. This made Barbantio feel that he wasn’t able to do his part as a father, and play that major role in his daughter’s life anymore. Since Othello is now Desdemona’s new husband it is his responsibility to take over those important roles. Barbantio would feel this way regardless of who his daughter married. Understandingly and respectively enough Barbantio knows that Desdemona loves Othello, and that Othello loves Desdemona just as much as he loves his daughter. In the end, Barbantio easily accepts the marriage. If the racial issue was the initial root of all evil here he would not have accepted the marriage as easily. In his acceptance to the marriage he joins the hands of Othello and Desdemona and gives them his blessings. â€Å"I here do give thee that with all my heart which, but thou hast already, with all my heart I would keep from thee for your sake, Jewel, I am glad at soul I have no other child, for thy escape would teach me tyranny, to hang clogs on them.† (Shakespeare, 31)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for Roderigo, his main conflict is the simple fact that Desdemona has married a man whom is not himself, as he would rather love to have it. Although Iago is supposed to be a friend if Othello’s he sides with Roderigo and secretly is against Othello.

MGT

Comprehension State the dilemma's main problem: -The dilemma's main problem is whether you should report that your coworker Careen's breath smelled like alcohol to a man named David Chain, or not report the instance. This is a dilemma because of the fact that you do not like to ‘rock the boat' and you do not like to be ‘disloyal to your coworkers', Identify at least three points (more Is better) the dilemma makes to highlight the main Idea.Some points that the dilemma makes to highlight the main idea is: Karen is often late to work Karen is not someone you can count on Karen can be unprofessional with coworkers Karen is not your favorite person to work with What are some significant points presented In the dilemma?Some significant points that are presented in the dilemma are: You could conform to David that you did smell alcohol on Careen's breath By doing so you could ruin any relationship or any chance of a friendship/relationship with Karen You could label yourself as a ‘tattle tail' or a ‘whistler's' to other coworkers You could give yourself a sense of guilt for being a person to point fingers You could add stress to our own life because of this complicated situation You could decide not to tell David about the alcohol breath By doing so, you could be dodging an attempt to solve this problem You could cause more harm to Karen by not helping her You could stress yourself out by knowing you did not help You could have helped contribute to more suspicion and gossip in the workplace by not confirming anything You could walk away and live your life as If It never happened You could decide not to tell David and talk to Karen on your own By doing o you have a chance of confronting the issue in a private matter You might be able to get an honest answer by showing genuine feelings You could avert any more stress towards anyone by solving the issue You could make Karen feel as if she has been violated of her privacy What have you learned from the textbook that correlates to this case?Some things that I have learned from the textbook that correlates to this case is: that emotional intelligence can be used to form harmonious teams you could use your El to help inspire others alluding social awareness can help you identify with Karen emotions and feelings An ongoing negative emotion can result from dissatisfaction, leading to burnout Affect-driven behavior may cause you to respond to people in a certain way Being unfairly treated by your boss or coworkers can cause you to behave negatively towards others Affective Events Theory says events can cause people to behave differently A certain work even could motivate some, while it Just discourages others Negative emotions linger around much longer than positive emotions Negative emotions can result from undesired events including not having your opinion heard, a lack of control over your environment, and unpleasant interactions with coworkers or customers Those with a strong s ocial support network are less stressed that those without one A USN can buffer the effects of stress Karen might not have a USN Factors such as diet, sleep, timeliness, work/life balance, and personal life situations are main contributors to stresses Summary [25%] What are the main lessons from this dilemma for leaders in a business organization? -The main lessons from this dilemma for leaders in a business organization is how o approach a situation like this one. A leader of a business organization does not want to rush to Judgment or conclusion especially when it comes to something like alcohol on one's breath. There could be a million explanations about alcohol on ones breath and many causes as well.Making the right ethical decision involves discretely approaching the situation and try to understand the cause and effect of the problem. What does this dilemma fundamentally teach you about Organizational Behavior and why does it matter? -This dilemma fundamentally teaches me that in Organizational Behavior, it takes team to move forward. You truly are as strong as your weakest link. Linked with this situation, gossip and pointing fingers is only going to make the situation work. It takes a caring and understanding person to help prevent this issue from going any further. It matters because it is good for the organization and it is good for your employees and customers. Give an overall impression of this dilemma. Is it effective, useful, confusing, informative, etc.?Explain why you are characterizing the article as you are. Point to specific features or details to validate your impression. Overall I thought this was a confusing dilemma. First off, it is a very brief dilemma in which a lot of detail is left out. For example, you work at a paper company but your role is not stated, Careen's role is not stated, and neither is Davit's. For all I know David could be a random stranger that sells me hotdogs right outside of work. Even if David is a coworker, if he i s not upper management, it is none of his business to confirm gossip or not. Without specifics, it is hard to come to a conclusion about how to approach a situation like this one.

“Mob Scene” Commentary Essay

During the mob scene in To Kill A Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses juxtaposition of light and dark imagery to convey the contrast that exists between good and evil. Through this comparison, the suspenseful and tense mood is portrayed strongly to the reader. Throughout the scene, dark shadows are vividly associated with the theme of evil, and the mob. The first evidence that clearly builds suspense about the mob is â€Å"shadows became substance as lights revealed solid shapes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (202). This quote server to keep the readers mind thinking about how the mob might actually look. Since Harper Lee leaves a neutral expression on the mobs faces, the reader can make their own interpretation on the mobs facial expression, and how they look. Solid shapes may also be a sign of evil or harmful beings since there are not any physical features associated to the body. By saying the bodies were dark solid shapes, a suspenseful mood is made and portrayed to the reader. As the tense mood arises throughout the mob scene, Scout, Jem and Dill decide to go help out Atticus. â€Å"I pushed myself through dark smelly bodies and burst into the circle of light.† (203). In this part of the scene, innocent Scout pushes her way through the dark mob, finding herself in a circle of light with Atticus. The dark mob, and the circle of light in which Atticus sits, makes a very distinct barrier of good and evil. Atticus being the â€Å"good guy† sits and guards his defendant Tom Robinson in the circle of light while the dark smelly bodies of the mob plan to murder them both. Having both sides with different opinions, intentions and colour description, portrays the tense mood. The final evidence from the mob scene that displays a contrast of good and evil is when Atticus, Scout, Jem and Dill leave the dangerous mob. â€Å"As they passed under a streetlight, Atticus reached out and massaged Jem’s hair, his one gesture of affection.† (207) This quote shows a reappearing sign of hope and goodness. Even though Atticus demanded Jem and the others to go back home (for their own good), without being successful, Atticus still loves his boy and cares for him. Harper Lee purposefully shows Atticus’s sign of  kindness to demonstrate that light is a symbol of kindheartedness and morality. In conclusion, Harper Lee creates a moment of tension and suspense in To Kill A Mockingbird during the mob scene through the juxtaposition of the ominous threat of the dark elements upon the light.

Biography †Aryabhata, the Indian mathematician Essay

Aryabhata (476 CE – 550 CE) was the first Hindu mathematician and astronomers from India. He wrote couple of treatise about mathematics and astronomy. Some of them were lost. His most famous works Aryabhatiya completed in 499 CE and the Arya-Siddhanta. Aryabhatiya consists of 108 verses, in which Aryabhata wrote about the mathematics and astronomy at the age of 23 in 499 CE. He was born in India at Asmaka or Kusumapura in 476 CE. There is no clear evidence of the place of birth (Indian Streams Research General, September 2012). Aryabhata studied in Kusumapura and stayed there for some time. The evidences from Hindu, Buddhist tradition, and Bhaskara I (629 CE) recognize Kusumapura as Pataliputra, currently known as Patna. Aryabhata was the head of an institution at Kusumapura. The University of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at the time. This university had an astronomical observatory that forces the belief that Aryabhata was the head of the Nalanda University. Aryabhata set up an observatory at the Sun temple in Taregana, Bihar (Aryabhata – Indian Mathematician). Aryabhatiya deals with mathematics and astronomy. That consists of an introduction containing astronomical tables and Aryabhata’s system of phonemic number notation. This work consists of three sections: Ganita (means mathematics), Kala-kriya (means Time calculations), and Gola (means Sphere). Ganita covers decimal number system, algorithms for square and cubic roots, geometric measurements, the algorithm for Pi, tables of sines using Pythagorean Theorem, quadratic equations, proportions, and the solution of linear equations. This discusses the Aryabhata’s method to solve the mathematical problem, Kuttaka (means pulverizer) also known as Aryabhata’s algorithm. This algorithm suggests breaking a problem in smaller fractions. Kala-kriya speaks about astronomy. It is about treating planetary motion and include the definition of various units for time, eccentric, epicyclic planetary motion modes, longitude, and latitude. Gola discusses the plane trigonometry to spherical geometry. It also has prediction of solar and lunar eclipses and explicit statement about westward motion of stars because of the  spherical rotation of the Earth about its axis (Indian Streams Research General, September 2012). The Arya-siddhanta was the work on astronomical computations. Surya Siddhanta was the base of this work and considered the start of the day at the midnight, as opposed to sunrise according to Aryabhatiya. It also contained a description of several astronomical instruments: the gnomon (shanku-yantra), a shadow instrument (chhAyA-yantra), possibly angle-measuring devices, semicircular, and circular (dhanur-yantra/chakra-yantra), a cylindrical stick yasti-yantra, an umbrella-shaped device called the chhatra-yantra, and water clocks of at least two types, bow-shaped and cylindrical. Bakhshali Manuscript discussed the place-value system first in the 3rd century. Georges Ifrah, the mathematician from France, acknowledged that awareness of zero by Aryabhata in place-value system because of a place holder for the powers of 10 with null coefficients. Instead of using Brahmi numerals Aryabhata continued the tradition from Vedic times by using letters of the alphabet for denoting numbers, expressing quantities, such as the table of sines in a mnemonic form (Indian Streams Research General, September 2012). The Surya Siddhanta laid foundational rules to determine the true motions of the luminaries and introduced the sine, cosine trigonometric functions. Aryabhata devised the formulae for calculating the area of triangle and circle. He also devised the same for pyramid and sphere. Formulae for triangle and circle were correct. Most historians claimed that formulae for sphere and pyramid were incorrect. He created a table of sines and versine with formula sin (n+1) x – sin nx = sin (n-1) x – (1/225) sin nx versin= 1 – cosine Aryabhata’s definition of jya (sine), kojya (cosine), urkrama-jya (versine), and otkram-jya (inverse sine) influence the trigonometry (Indian Streams Research General, September 2012). Aryabhata concluded that the approximation for pi ([pic]) is irrational. In Ganitapada he gave the formula for the ratio of circumference to the diameter as ((4 + 100) Ãâ€" 8 + 62000)/20000 = 62832/20000 = 3.1416, which is accurate to five significant figures (Aryabhata – Indian Mathematician). The speculation was that Aryabhata used ‘Ä sanna’ (means approaching), to mean that not only is this approximation but also that the value is irrational. This shows quite a sophisticated insight from him because Lambert proved the irrationality of pi in Europe only in 1761. Bhaskara’s commentary on Aryabhatiya discusses the topic known as Diophantine equations, e.g., integer solutions to the equations that have the form ax+by = c. That formula to find value of N stated as N = 8x+5 = 9y+4 = 7z+1. It turns out that the smallest value for N is 85. Vedic text Sulba Sutras discussed these notoriously difficult diophantine equations. Aryabhata provided rules of algebra in the Aryabhatia and those are as follows: and  13 + 23 +†¦+n3= (1+2+†¦+n) 2 In some texts, Aryabhata seems to ascribe the apparent motions of the heavens to the Earth’s rotation. He believed that the planet’s orbits as elliptical rather than circular. Aryabhata correctly insisted that the earth rotates about its axis daily and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the earth, contrary to the then-prevailing view in other parts of the world that the sky rotated. The first chapter of the Aryabhatiya indicated this, where he gives the number of rotations of the earth in a yuga, and made more explicit in his gola chapter (A He used analogy of movement of boat going forward. During this movement person feels an unmoving object going in opposite direction than the boat. With this analogy he discussed the appearance of unmoving stars going uniformly westward. The cause of rising and setting is that the sphere of the stars together with the planets apparently turns due west at the equator, constantly push ed by the cosmic wind. Aryabhata described a geocentric model of the solar system, in which he mentioned that the Sun and Moon in turn revolve around the Earth. He calculated the positions and periods of the planets with respect to uniformly moving points. He stated that speed at which Mercury, Venus, and Sun move around the Earth is identical and is different from the specific speed of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. He represented each planet’s motion through the zodiac. Most historians of astronomy expressed that this two-epicycle model reflects elements of pre-Ptolemaic Greek astronomy. Historians saw another element in Aryabhata’s model, the Å›Ä «ghrocca, the basic planetary period in relation to the Sun as a sign of an underlying heliocentric model. He explained  solar and lunar eclipses. He stated that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight and explained eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. His theory explained the lunar eclipse occurs when the moon ent ers into the Earth’s shadow and discussed the length the size and extent of the Earth’s shadow. He provided the computation and the size of the eclipsed part during an eclipse. Later Indian astronomers improved on the calculations, but Aryabhata’s methods provided the core. Aryabhata calculated the sidereal rotation as 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.1 seconds; the modern value is 23:56:4.091. Similarly, his value for the length of the sidereal year at 365 days, six hours, 12 minutes, and 30 seconds is an error of three minutes and 20 seconds over the length of a year (Indian Streams Research General, September 2012). Aryabhata’s work influenced the Indian astronomical tradition and several neighboring cultures through translations. His work as translated in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age (c. 820 CE). Al-Khwarizmi cited some of his results and in the 10th century Al-Biruni stated that Aryabhata’s followers believed that the Earth rotated on its axis. Aryabhata’s astronomical calculation methods were also very influential. Islamic world widely used the trigonometric tables to compute many Arabic astronomical tables (zijes). Calendric calculations devised by Aryabhata and his followers contributed the practical purposes of fixing the Panchangam (the Hindu calendar). Other cultures used this for forming the calendar systems. India honored Aryabhata by naming India’s first satellite as Aryabhata. An Institute for conducting research in astronomy, astrophysics, and atmospheric sciences is the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIOS) near Nainital, India. Indian authorities named the inter-school math competition as ‘Aryabhata Maths Competition’, as is Bacillus Aryabhata, a species of bacteria discovered by ISRO scientists in 2009. References Indian Streams Research General: Avhale, P. S; Waghmare, R. V.; Kolhe, S. B. Indian Streams Research Journal. Sep2012, Vol. 2 Issue 8, Special section p1-5. 5p. Retrieved from https://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?vid=2&hid=117&sid=d84c9078-6d85-4131-9209-e44cdb4cba58%40sessionmgr110&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9h&AN=82351338

The World of Culinary Arts

Cooking food is commonly known as culinary art. The word culinary is related to the art of making various kinds of food. A culinarian working in restaurants is commonly known as a cook or a chef. The chef skillfully prepares food that is pleasing to the eye and the palate of the guests. They are required to have knowledge of the science of food and the understanding of diet and nutrition. They work primarily in restaurants, hotels, airlines, cruise liners, hospitals and other institutions. Kitchen conditions depend upon the demand and type of business. The art of making various cuisines can be termed as â€Å"Culinary Arts†.The history of culinary arts goes back to 1800s when the very first cooking school was started in Boston, America. Where teaching the art of cooking & preparing the food were given to students, inurn they passed on their knowledge to others. The actual revolution started later in Culinary Arts through the television where in 1946, James Beard started regula r cooking classes in the art of American Cooking. The French cooking was introduced in American homes by Julia Child, in 1960’s when through the power of the radio she entered all the kitchens nationwide.The culinary institute of America or CIA was founded and was the first of its kind in the country to hold career based cooking courses on the art of cooking. The cuisine and latest innovations worldwide are based on the ingredients available around the region. The dishes also depend upon the cultural and the socio-economic conditions of the city, region and country. Food is one thing that has always been and will continue to be a big part of our daily lives as a result of family recipes that are inherited from the ancestors.Those who are interested in cooking, go to culinary schools to learn the art and obtain their professional degree in the field of culinary arts. The beauty of this art lies in the skill of understanding various types of tastes, presentations and foodâ€⠄¢s main features. The restaurant industry is fast moving with the trend of initiating better-flavored food from local sources. Industry pioneers are progressing towards new initiatives including the composting of food waste and recycling of cooking in lieu for serving economic and innovative dishes.

Advise Brian as to the application of EU law on the free movement of Essay

Advise Brian as to the application of EU law on the free movement of goods to this situation - Essay Example According to the case presented, Brian is a recognized trader in these items and has dealt them for years. Having sold the products for ten years, one would judge Brian as an experienced manufacturer and supplier of these materials. The free movement of goods treaty aims at restricting limitations to trade between member states of the European Union and compliance is key for a good relation for the different states. France as a state is part of the treaty and is bound by the treaty to comply and eliminate any restrictions that are developed either by its domestic suppliers of Power Saws or by legislation that seeks to create a discriminatory effect to the trade aspects of the EU. A number of cases exist on the aspects of discrimination in trade because of legislative effects of member states of the European Union. These include the following. According to a case as per Schmidberger, case Case C-112/00 on free movement of goods vs. protection of fundamental right1. According to this case, respect of fundamental rights of persons in the different states is part of the responsibility that the states have. The free movement of goods into and out of France needs not affect the livelihood of the people especially their health. Considering the health aspect attached to the case, the rights of protection on health aspects for the people is the mandate of the government that limits the exposure as per the goods in relation to the PSs. The free movement of goods relates to the removal of barriers from the market free trade to exist2. Brian is a manufacturer within the UK, which is part of the European Union. He manufactures goods that qualify for sale on the European Union and that explains the reasons why he has for ten years supplied the goods in UK and Germany markets and all these have appreciated his products. Among the facts involves the position of France as one of the European Union members,

The old kingdom in kemetic (egypion) history Research Paper

The old kingdom in kemetic (egypion) history - Research Paper Example The high level of the development of the Egyptian civilization during this period created the foundation from which this kingdom would not only remain in existence for thousands of years. However, also for its expansion as in later years, it came to expand southwards into Nubia and towards the north into the Sinai Peninsula and beyond in to the Middle East. The Old Kingdom is of great significance to the rest of the ancient Egyptian period because it set precedents, which would be followed in the further development of its civilization as well as the basis upon which its society would become the most civilized in the ancient world. While there is still some debate concerning the duration of the Old Kingdom, it is estimated that it existed between the Third and Sixth Dynasties, and this period marked a time when there was incredible development in ancient Egypt. This development was not only administrative but also social and economic and these came to a large extent, to affect the li ves of all the Egyptians. In this period, the capital of the kingdom was based in Memphis, which had been founded by Menes, the first pharaoh of a united Egypt, as an administrative center. Memphis was probably chosen as the sight of the new capital of this kingdom because it was centrally placed between the two kingdoms which had been united to form Egypt, namely Upper and Lower Egypt. Because of its central position, the pharaohs of the Old Kingdom were able to administer their kingdom easily, meaning that the old divisions between Upper and Lower Egypt were set aside and the entire nation developed as a single cohesive unit, with little variation between them.1 It was during this period that Memphis achieved its place not only in Egypt but also in the ancient world as being among the most sophisticated places and this meant that it was able to attract individuals, mostly merchants and diplomats, from as far as Babylonia who came to conduct their business within it. It also served not only as the administrative center of the Egyptian state but also as its religious center, and being the latter, it was the sight of many pilgrimages, especially by the Egyptian nobility from the different parts of the state. Starting from the Third Dynasty, there were large-scale construction projects, which either had a direct impact on the lives of many Egyptians because many of the men were directly or indirectly employed in the constructions instituted by the pharaohs. The swift development of the Egyptian civilisation during the Old Kingdom saw the construction of numerous pyramids, which served as the tombs of the kings of this ancient nation. The power of the pharaohs had come to be so great and absolute that many of their subjects came to consider them to be living gods whose every command was to be accomplished unquestioningly by their subjects.2 This created a situation where a lot of dedication was involved in ensuring that the final resting places of these pharaohs were built to last for posterity. The fact that the pharaohs of this period were considered living gods meant that a lot of time and effort as well as the resources of the Egyptian state was diverted to satisfy their large construction projects and this trend was to continue for the next three thousand years as succeeding dynasties continued to demand the same dedication. The large constructio

Answer following questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer following questions - Essay Example In 2 (a), defamation refers to an act of damaging one’s good reputation. Victoria can use the article that was published by Miamisburg Mudslinger as evidence to prove defamation. The evidence would be used to ascertain that libel occurred because a permanent publication that damaged her reputation was made by the Company in form of a newspaper article. In 2 (b), I would bring pure comparative legal defense and assumption of risk defense on behalf of Mudslinger to defeat Victoria’s claim. First, the pure comparative defense would be used to argue that Victoria’s act of engaging in an illegal sexual relationship with a fifteen-year old boy led to the defamation. The photo of her kissing in a rather vigorous manner with the boy ascertains that they were engaging in a sexual affair. Secondly, the assumption of risk defense would be provided on the basis that Victoria knew the consequences of engaging in an illegal sexual relationship with an underage boy and yet she did not avoid the act (Browne et al., 226). Therefore, the plaintiff was responsible for the defamation because she committed an act knowingly that it would damage her reputation if publicly discovered. Negligence has four elements that include; duty, breach of duty, causation and damages. In 3 (a), businesses owe their patrons duty of care. In 3 (b), the store breached its duty of care to its patrons because it failed to either repair or warn passers-by against the possible danger that would resulted due to the divot. Although the divot’s view was not hidden by any obstacle, circumstances made it not to be an open and obvious danger. The management of the Company was aware that there are vehicles often entering the parking lot that might attract the attention of pedestrians hence preventing them from seeing the divot. Therefore, it should have taken precautions to avoid exposing their customers to the danger. In 3 (c), direct cause refers to a